本文的內(nèi)容是關(guān)于在html5中如何實現(xiàn)html元素拖拽功能。在html5之前要實現(xiàn)拖拽，需要借助js，現(xiàn)在html5內(nèi)部就支持了拖拽的功能，但是要實現(xiàn)稍微復(fù)雜的功能還是少不了js的幫忙。下面我們看幾個例子。
1.創(chuàng)建拖拽對象
我們可以通過draggable屬性告訴瀏覽器，哪些元素需要實現(xiàn)拖拽功能。draggable有三個值：true：元素可以被拖拽；false：元素不能被拖拽；auto：瀏覽器自己判斷元素是否能被拖拽。
系統(tǒng)默認(rèn)值是auto，但auto情況下瀏覽器對不同元素拖拽功能的支持是不一樣，如：支持img對象，不支持div對象。所以，如果需要拖拽一個元素，最好還是把draggale設(shè)置為true。下面我們看一個例子：
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
<style>
#src > *
{
float: left;
}
#target, #src > img
{
border: thin solid black;
padding: 2px;
margin: 4px;
}
#target
{
height: 123px;
width: 220px;
text-align: center;
display: table;
}
#target > p
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
#target > img
{
margin: 1px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="src">
<img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" />
<img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" />
<img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" />
<div id="target">
<p id="msg">
drop here</p>
</div>
</div>
<script>
var src = document.getElementById("src");
var target = document.getElementById("target");
</script>
</body>
</html>
運行效果：
2.處理拖拽事件
現(xiàn)在我們來了解拖拽相關(guān)的事件，有兩種類型的事件，一種是拖拽對象的事件，一種是投放區(qū)的事件。拖拽事件包括：dragstart：當(dāng)元素拖拽開始觸發(fā)；drag：在元素拖拽過程中觸發(fā)；dragend：元素拖拽結(jié)束時觸發(fā)。下面我們就看一個例子：
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
<style>
#src > *
{
float: left;
}
#target, #src > img
{
border: thin solid black;
padding: 2px;
margin: 4px;
}
#target
{
height: 123px;
width: 220px;
text-align: center;
display: table;
}
#target > p
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
#target > img
{
margin: 1px;
}
img.dragged
{
background-color: Orange;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="src">
<img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" />
<img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" />
<img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" />
<div id="target">
<p id="msg">
drop here</p>
</div>
</div>
<script>
var src = document.getElementById("src");
var target = document.getElementById("target");
var msg = document.getElementById("msg");
src.ondragstart = function (e) {
e.target.classList.add("dragged");
}
src.ondragend = function (e) {
e.target.classList.remove("dragged");
msg.innerHTML = "drop here";
}
src.ondrag = function (e) {
msg.innerHTML = e.target.id;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
運行效果：
3.創(chuàng)建投放區(qū)
我們來看投放區(qū)相關(guān)的事件：dragenter：當(dāng)拖拽對象進(jìn)入投放區(qū)時觸發(fā)；dragover：拖拽對象在投放區(qū)內(nèi)移動時觸發(fā)；dragleave：拖拽對象沒有投放到投放區(qū)，離開投放區(qū)的時候觸發(fā)；drop：拖拽對象投放在投放區(qū)時觸發(fā)。
我們來看一個例子：
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
<style>
#src > *
{
float: left;
}
#target, #src > img
{
border: thin solid black;
padding: 2px;
margin: 4px;
}
#target
{
height: 123px;
width: 220px;
text-align: center;
display: table;
}
#target > p
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
#target > img
{
margin: 1px;
}
img.dragged
{
background-color: lightgrey;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="src">
<img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" />
<img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" />
<img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" />
<div id="target">
<p id="msg">
drop here</p>
</div>
</div>
<script>
var src = document.getElementById("src");
var target = document.getElementById("target");
var msg = document.getElementById("msg");
var draggedID;
target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
target.ondragover = handleDrag;
function handleDrag(e) {
e.preventDefault();
}
target.ondrop = function (e) {
var newElem = document.getElementById(draggedID).cloneNode(false);
target.innerHTML = "";
target.appendChild(newElem);
e.preventDefault();
}
src.ondragstart = function (e) {
draggedID = e.target.id;
e.target.classList.add("dragged");
}
src.ondragend = function (e) {
var elems = document.querySelectorAll(".dragged");
for (var i = 0; i < elems.length; i++) {
elems[i].classList.remove("dragged");
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
運行結(jié)果：
4.使用DataTransfer
我們使用DataTransfer從拖拽對象向投放區(qū)傳遞數(shù)據(jù)。DataTransfer有下面的屬性和方法：types：返回數(shù)據(jù)的格式；getData(<format>)：返回指定格式數(shù)據(jù)；setData(<format>, <data>)：設(shè)置指定格式數(shù)據(jù)；clearData(<format>)：移除指定格式數(shù)據(jù)；files：返回已經(jīng)投放的文件數(shù)組。
我們來看下面的例子，他實現(xiàn)的效果和例3一樣：
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
<style>
#src > *
{
float: left;
}
#src > img
{
border: thin solid black;
padding: 2px;
margin: 4px;
}
#target
{
border: thin solid black;
margin: 4px;
}
#target
{
height: 123px;
width: 220px;
text-align: center;
display: table;
}
#target > p
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
img.dragged
{
background-color: Orange;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="src">
<img draggable="true" id="car1" src="img/1.jpg" alt="car1" />
<img draggable="true" id="car2" src="img/2.jpg" alt="car2" />
<img draggable="true" id="car3" src="img/3.jpg" alt="car3" />
<div id="target">
<p id="msg">
drop here</p>
</div>
</div>
<script>
var src = document.getElementById("src");
var target = document.getElementById("target");
target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
target.ondragover = handleDrag;
function handleDrag(e) {
e.preventDefault();
}
target.ondrop = function (e) {
var droppedID = e.dataTransfer.getData("Text");
var newElem = document.getElementById(droppedID).cloneNode(false);
target.innerHTML = "";
target.appendChild(newElem);
e.preventDefault();
}
src.ondragstart = function (e) {
e.dataTransfer.setData("Text", e.target.id);
e.target.classList.add("dragged");
}
src.ondragend = function (e) {
var elems = document.querySelectorAll(".dragged");
for (var i = 0; i < elems.length; i++) {
elems[i].classList.remove("dragged");
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
5.拖拽文件
html5支持file api，可以讓我們操作本地文件。一般我們不直接使用file api，我們可以結(jié)合其他特性一起使用，比如結(jié)合拖拽特效，如下例：
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
<style>
body > *
{
float: left;
}
#target
{
border: medium double black;
margin: 4px;
height: 75px;
width: 200px;
text-align: center;
display: table;
}
#target > p
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
table
{
margin: 4px;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th, td
{
padding: 4px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="target">
<p id="msg">
Drop Files Here</p>
</div>
<table id="data" border="1">
</table>
<script>
var target = document.getElementById("target");
target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
target.ondragover = handleDrag;
function handleDrag(e) {
e.preventDefault();
}
target.ondrop = function (e) {
var files = e.dataTransfer.files;
var tableElem = document.getElementById("data");
tableElem.innerHTML = "<tr><th>Name</th><th>Type</th><th>Size</th></tr>";
for (var i = 0; i < files.length; i++) {
var row = "<tr><td>" + files[i].name + "</td><td>" + files[i].type + "</td><td>" + files[i].size + "</td></tr>";
tableElem.innerHTML += row;
}
e.preventDefault();
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
DataTransfer返回FileList對象，我們可以把他當(dāng)做file數(shù)組對象，file包含下面屬性：name：文件名字；type：文件類型（MIME類型）；size：文件大小。
運行效果：
6.上傳文件
下面介紹一個通過拖拽ajax上傳文件的實例。
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example</title>
<style>
.table
{
display: table;
}
.row
{
display: table-row;
}
.cell
{
display: table-cell;
padding: 5px;
}
.label
{
text-align: right;
}
#target
{
border: medium double black;
margin: 4px;
height: 50px;
width: 200px;
text-align: center;
display: table;
}
#target > p
{
display: table-cell;
vertical-align: middle;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<form id="fruitform" method="post" action="/UploadHandler.ashx">
<div class="table">
<div class="row">
<div class="cell label">
Bananas:</div>
<div class="cell">
<input name="bananas" value="2" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="cell label">
Apples:</div>
<div class="cell">
<input name="apples" value="5" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="cell label">
Cherries:</div>
<div class="cell">
<input name="cherries" value="20" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="cell label">
File:</div>
<div class="cell">
<input type="file" name="file" /></div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="cell label">
Total:</div>
<div id="results" class="cell">
items</div>
</div>
</div>
<div id="target">
<p id="msg">
Drop Files Here</p>
</div>
<button id="submit" type="submit">
Submit Form</button>
</form>
<script type="text/javascript">
var target = document.getElementById("target");
var httpRequest;
var fileList;
target.ondragenter = handleDrag;
target.ondragover = handleDrag;
function handleDrag(e) {
e.preventDefault();
}
target.ondrop = function (e) {
fileList = e.dataTransfer.files;
e.preventDefault();
}
document.getElementById("submit").onclick = function handleButtonPress(e) {
e.preventDefault();
var form = document.getElementById("fruitform");
var formData = new FormData(form);
if (fileList) {
for (var i = 0; i < fileList.length; i++) {
formData.append("file" + i, fileList[i]);
}
}
httpRequest = new XMLHttpRequest();
httpRequest.onreadystatechange = handleResponse;
httpRequest.open("POST", form.action);
httpRequest.send(formData);
}
function handleResponse() {
if (httpRequest.readyState == 4 && httpRequest.status == 200) {
var data = JSON.parse(httpRequest.responseText);
document.getElementById("results").innerHTML = "You ordered " + data.total + " items";
}
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
效果：
上面的一些例子不同瀏覽器運行效果可能不同，我用的是chrome瀏覽器，除了例5和6不支持多文件外，其他例子運行正常。大家可以下載demo。
demo下載地址：Html5Guide.draggable.rar
